Molecular Hydrogen - 2000+ Peer-Reviewed studies

The Science Behind Molecular Hydrogen

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is the smallest and lightest molecule in existence. Researchers worldwide are studying its properties across a wide range of areas. Below is a summary of the published science organized by research category.

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Research Library Notice: The studies below represent the published scientific literature on molecular hydrogen. Some studies examine hydrogen gas inhalation in controlled clinical settings — these findings describe research outcomes and are presented for educational purposes only. The Lourdes Hydrofix is a hydrogen water generator with optional inhalation capability; it is not marketed or sold as a medical device in the United States.

Research Area 01

Gut Health & the Microbiome

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Often referred to as the "second brain," the gut influences numerous physiological processes. The gut microbiome — the complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract — is one of its key components, and researchers are actively studying the factors that affect its composition and function.

What the Research Shows?

Published studies have examined the effects of hydrogen-rich water consumption on the gut environment. A 2022 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Liu et al. found that hydrogen-rich water consumption altered gut microbiota composition in healthy adults. Separate research published in Hydrogen Clinical Research (2023) explored the relationship between hydrogen and markers of gut stress, barrier function, and bacterial balance.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

Hydrogen-rich water consumption alters gut microbiota composition in healthy adults

Liu, C., Cui, J., Sun, J., Luo, Y., Tian, Y., & Han, W.


PubMed Central, 2022. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications

Ohta, S.

Methods in Enzymology, 555: 289-317, 2015. Comprehensive review of hydrogen's biological effects.

Research Area 02

Oxidative Stress & Cellular Defense

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Every day, the body produces reactive oxygen species (free radicals) as a byproduct of normal metabolism, as well as from environmental factors like pollution and stress. When free radical production overwhelms the body's antioxidant defenses, the resulting imbalance is called oxidative stress — a process that researchers have linked to cellular damage across numerous studies.

What the Research Shows?

Molecular hydrogen has been studied as a selective antioxidant — meaning it may target the most harmful hydroxyl radicals while leaving beneficial reactive oxygen species intact. A 2020 randomized, double-blind, controlled trial published in Scientific Reports by Sim et al. examined the effects of hydrogen-rich water on inflammatory responses and cell health in healthy adults. Hydrogen Clinical Research (2023) published additional findings on the relationship between hydrogen and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

Hydrogen-rich water reduces inflammatory responses and prevents apoptosis of peripheral blood cells in healthy adults

Sim, M., Kim, C.-S., Shon, W.-J., Lee, Y.-K., Choi, E. Y., & Shin, D.-M.
Scientific Reports, 10(1): 12130, 2020. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

Consumption of water containing a high concentration of molecular hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Ishibashi, T., Sato, B., Rikitake, M., Seo, T., Kurokawa, R., Hara, Y., Naritomi, Y., Hara, H., & Nagao, T.

Medical Gas Research, 2(1): 27, 2012. Open-label pilot study on oxidative stress markers.

Research Area 03

Nutrient Absorption & Bioavailability

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Efficient nutrient absorption in the gut is essential for the body to utilize vitamins and minerals from food and supplements. Researchers are studying the various factors that influence how well the gut environment supports this process.

What the Research Shows?

Studies have explored molecular hydrogen's effects on the gut environment, including its relationship to oxidative stress levels and microbiome composition — both factors that researchers associate with nutrient uptake efficiency. A 2020 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial published in Scientific Reports examined hydrogen-rich water's effects on oxidative stress in healthy adults. A 2018 study in Medical Gas Research looked at hydrogen-rich water's effects on antioxidant activity and gut flora in female juvenile soccer players.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

The Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Healthy Adults

Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports, 10, 13157, 2020. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Hydrogen-rich water improves antioxidant activity and modulates gut flora in female juvenile soccer players

Medical Gas Research

Medical Gas Research, 8(2), 54-58, 2018.

Research Area 04

Weight Management, Metabolism

& Blood Sugar

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Metabolic function, insulin sensitivity, lipid levels, and fat metabolism are areas of active research across many disciplines. Scientists are exploring how various interventions, including molecular hydrogen, interact with these processes in controlled settings.

What the Research Shows?

A 2023 randomized controlled trial published in Obesity Research & Clinical Practice examined the effects of hydrogen-rich water on metabolic function and weight-related markers. Kajiyama et al. (2008) in Nutrition Research examined hydrogen-rich water supplementation and its relationship to lipid and glucose metabolism. Nishimaki et al. (2009) conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Ostojic (2023) in Pharmaceuticals reviewed the clinical literature on hydrogen-rich water intake and lipid metabolism

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

The impact of hydrogen-rich water on metabolic function and weight management: A randomized controlled trial

Obesity Research & Clinical Practice

Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 17(1), 12-22, 2023.

Hydrogen-rich water decreases body fat and improves metabolic profiles in subjects with obesity

Korovljev, D., Stajer, V., Ostojic, J., LeBaron, T. W., & Ostojic, S. M.

Research in Sports Medicine, 29(6): 546-556, 2021. Randomized, controlled trial on body composition.

Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance

Kajiyama, S., Hasegawa, G., Asano, M., Hidaka, T., & Nakamura, N.

Nutrition Research, 28(3), 137-143, 2008.

Hydrogen-rich water-induced antioxidant status improves lipid metabolism in healthy adults

Nishimaki, K., Asada, S., Ohsawa, I., Nakajima, E., Ikejima, C., Yokota, T., et al.

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 44(1), 12-17, 2009. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Molecular hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in metabolic health: A narrative review

Ostojic, S. M.

Pharmaceuticals, 16(1), 126, 2023.

Research Area 05

Athletic Recovery & Performance

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

For athletes and active individuals, recovery is just as important as training. Intense exercise produces oxidative stress and muscle fatigue. Researchers are studying how various interventions — including hydrogen-rich water — relate to post-exercise recovery markers.

What the Research Shows?

A 2024 randomized controlled trial by Ostojic et al. in the Journal of Sports Science & Medicine examined the effects of four-day hydrogen-rich water intake on muscle recovery in elite fin swimmers. Nakamura et al. (2024), published in Frontiers in Physiology, studied the effects of hydrogen-rich water consumption on muscular endurance and total power output in trained individuals. An earlier pilot study by Aoki et al. (2012) in Medical Gas Research examined the effects of hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

Effects of four-day hydrogen-rich water intake on muscle recovery in elite fin swimmers

Ostojic, S. M., Stajer, V., & Ostojic, J.

Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 23(1), 45-52, 2024. Randomized controlled trial.

Hydrogen-rich water consumption enhances muscular endurance and total power output in trained individuals

Nakamura, T., Wada, S., & Fujikawa, R.

Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1458882, 2024.

Pilot study: Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes

Aoki, K., Nakao, A., Adachi, T., Matsui, Y., & Miyazaki, J.

Medical Gas Research, 2, 12, 2012.

Research Area 06

Cognitive Function & Brain Health

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Cognitive function encompasses memory, learning, focus, and mental alertness. Researchers are exploring the role that oxidative stress plays in cognitive processes, and whether interventions targeting oxidative stress may have measurable effects on cognitive markers.

What the Research Shows?

A 2021 critical review by Chen et al. published in Neuroscience Bulletin examined the neuroprotective effects of molecular hydrogen across multiple studies. Zanini et al. (2020) published in Neurophysiology compared the effects of hydrogen water and caffeine on alertness after sleep deprivation in human subjects.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen: A Critical Review

Chen, W., Zhang, H. T., & Qin, S. C.

Neuroscience Bulletin, 37(3), 389-404, 2021.

Hydrogen vs. caffeine for improved alertness in sleep-deprived humans

Zanini, D., Stajer, V., & Ostojic, S. M.

Neurophysiology, 52, 67-72, 2020.

Research Area 07

Energy & Vitality

Why Researchers Are Studying This?

Physical performance, endurance, and fatigue resistance are important markers of vitality. Researchers are studying how oxidative stress affects energy production at the cellular level, and whether reducing oxidative burden may have measurable effects on performance markers.

What the Research Shows?

Da Ponte et al. (2021) in the Journal of Sports Science & Medicine examined the effects of seven-day hydrogen-rich water intake on anaerobic performance in both trained and untrained individuals. Tanaka et al. (2023) in Frontiers in Physiology examined the effects of acute hydrogen-rich water ingestion on fatigue and endurance in aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

These studies describe findings from controlled research settings. Individual responses may vary, and this information is not intended as medical advice.

Published Studies

Effects of seven-day hydrogen-rich water intake on anaerobic performance in trained and untrained individuals

Da Ponte, A., Sardinha, A., Oliveira, A., & Silva, M.

Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(3), 486-493, 2021.

Effects of acute hydrogen-rich water ingestion on fatigue and endurance in aerobic and anaerobic exercise

Tanaka, Y., Kondo, T., & Ohno, H.

Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1240871, 2023.

Clinical Studies Library

Browse peer-reviewed research on molecular hydrogen across 16 research areas

Immune System Health
4 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Respiratory Research
10 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Metabolic & Hormone Health
3 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Oxidative Stress & Inflammation
10 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Gut Health & Digestion
3 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Cardiovascular Health
5 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Liver Health
5 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Sensory Health
6 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Skin & Allergies
3 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Diabetes & Blood Sugar
7 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Weight Management
3 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

View on PubMed

Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

View on PubMed

Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Cancer Research
7 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hypertension
4 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

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Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed
Athletic Performance
4 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

View on PubMed

Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

View on PubMed

Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Mood & Neurological
10 Studies

Hydrogen-rich water and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells of healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial

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Molecular hydrogen and sepsis: Examining molecular mechanisms in clinical contexts

View on PubMed

Hydrogen-rich saline mitigates radiation-induced apoptosis in immunocytes

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

View on PubMed

Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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Hydrogen as a therapeutic agent in human disease treatment: Research directions and clinical applications

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